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How languages steal words from each other

1.6M views· 118,930 likes· 5:04· Sep 18, 2023

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This is the only pirate reference you're getting from me. • Written with Molly Ruhl and Gretchen McCulloch. Gretchen's podcast has an episode all about this: https://lingthusiasm.com/post/684727483493384192/episode-68-tea-and-skyscrapers-when-words-get • More Language Files: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL96C35uN7xGLDEnHuhD7CTZES3KXFnwm0 Gretchen's book BECAUSE INTERNET, all about the evolution of internet language, is available: 🇺🇸 US: https://amzn.to/30tLpjT 🇨🇦 CA: https://amzn.to/2JsTYWH 🇬🇧 UK: https://amzn.to/31K8eRD (Those are affiliate links that give a commission to me or Gretchen, depending on country!) Graphics by Willow Marler: https://wmad.co.uk Audio mix by Graham Haerther and Manuel Simon at Standard Studios: https://haerther.net REFERENCES: [etymologies from OED and M-W] Sanchez, T. (2005). Constraints on structural borrowing in a multilingual contact situation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=ircs_reports John Hewson. 1993. A computer-generated dictionary of proto-Algonquian. Gatineau – Quebec : National Museums of Canada. https://protoalgonquian.atlas-ling.ca/ 🟥 MORE FROM TOM: https://www.tomscott.com/ (you can find contact details and social links there too) 📰 WEEKLY NEWSLETTER with good stuff from the rest of the internet: https://www.tomscott.com/newsletter/ ❓ LATERAL, free weekly podcast: https://lateralcast.com/ https://youtube.com/lateralcast/ ➕ TOM SCOTT PLUS: https://youtube.com/tomscottplus 👥 THE TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: https://youtube.com/techdif

About This Video

Languages are magpies. They don’t just invent words in a vacuum: they pick them up from neighbours, invaders, trading partners, and—these days—the internet, and then they quietly make them fit. In this video, I’m looking at how “borrowing” actually works: why English ends up with words from French, Latin, Hindi and beyond, why some borrowed words keep their original shape while others get fully naturalised, and why the process is less like a neat dictionary entry and more like people muddling through communication. I also get into the difference between borrowing a word and borrowing a structure. It’s relatively easy to import a label for a new thing—food, tech, fashion, an idea—because you can just point at it and say the word. Changing grammar is harder, but it does happen, especially in multilingual communities where people are constantly switching. Along the way I’m leaning on proper etymology sources (like the OED and Merriam‑Webster) and on linguists who’ve studied what constraints actually stop languages from copying everything wholesale. The takeaway is: “stealing” is normal, inevitable, and one of the main ways languages stay useful.

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